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2.3.1 Service
earthing systems |
The service earth comprises : |
a) switching equipment earth,
b) transmission equipment earth,
c) measuring equipment earth,
d) d, c. power supp ly earth,
e) cables and cabling earth (Ior circuit operation) |
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2.3.2 Protecting earthing systems |
The protective earth comprises: |
a) protective earth against indirect
contacts
(metal structures; cables and cabling for
safety purposes, etc) ,
b) lightning protective earth, |
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2.4 Senvice earth requirements |
2.4.1 Switching equipment requ irements |
The earth resistance considered acceptable for
particular purposes differs in
yarious countries. Some examples are giYen blow : |
Belgium
- less than Federal Republic of Germany
- up to 500 subscriber lines
- up to 2000 subscriber lIines
- more than 2000 subscriber lines Finland
less than 100 subscriber lines
100 to 500 subscriber linES
500 to 2000 subscriber lines
more than ¡¤2000 subscriber lines Italy
up to 500 subscriber lines
up to 2000 subscriber lines
more than 2000 supscriber lins South Africa
- less than Sweden
up to 500 subscriber lines
up to 1000 subscriber lines
more than 2000 subscriver lines |
10 ohms
10 ohms
2 ohms
0.5 ohm
20 ohms
10 ohms
5 ohms
2 ohms
10 ohms
2 ohms
1 ohm
10 ohms
10 ohms
2 ohms
0.5 ohm |
|
(Because
of the difficulties of reaching a low earth resistance in the
Swedish soil, values up to 20 ohms must be accepted.)
United Kingdom
- A generally satisfactory value seemS to be 8 ohms. |
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2.4.2 Transmission equipment requirements |
The acceptable upper limit for impedance (f(100 Hz)
of the earthing system in repeater stations is between 0.5 and
10 ohms (average 4 ohms) for the terminal stations and between
0.5 and 30 ohms ( average 8 ohms) for the intermediate stations. |
In the largest repeater stations values as low
as 0.5 ohm can easily be obtained because of good soil conductivity
in the heavily populated areas ,where these stations are Dormally
situated. On the other hand, such a low impedance could be very
costly in areas with poor soil conductivity. |
There is nothing to prove that an impedance as
low as 0.5 ohm is essential for normal transmission requirements
but 0.5 ohm at least may be becessary in certain cases for the
effective earthing of the aluminium cable sheaths used to reduce
induced Yoltages. |
If the repeater station is in the same building
as a large , local telephone exchange (i. e. at least 2000 subscribers)
and if a common earthing system is used, stricter limits are
normally imposed on the telephone exchange. |
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2.4.3 D. c. power supply requirements |
Normally the connection points of the d. c. power supply"
are directly at the power source. Howeyer where decentralized
rectifiers for thE anode yoitage are used, the connection is
made at the rack. |
It is common practice to connect one of the polts
of the exchange battery and of the d, c. power supply for the
transmission equipment to the earth collector. |
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2.5 Protective earthing system requirements |
2.5.1 Requirements for
racks and metal structures |
2,5,1.1 Integration of the racks into
the earthing system |
The metal structures of the racks are usually
integrated at well-defined points into the earthing system.
The metal of the exchange equipment and the main distribution
frame is |
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